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Упит dcterms_subject_txt:mineral resources and reserves

2384 items

  • Application of machine learning for diagnosing the operation of a deep well pump in oil production

    Maja Trikić (2024)
    This paper will thoroughly examine how machine learning can improve the diagnosis of deep well pumps by analyzing the role and function of the pumps, dynamograms, sensor technologies, and diagnostic methods.Our analysis will provide insights into modern techniques and approaches for enhancing the performance and reliability of oil production systems, targeting cost reduction and increased operational efficiency.
    deep well pump, dynamograms, machine learning, diagnostics of operating coditions,Random Forest, XGBoost
    ... descriptors. This means time and resources can be saved by using only the basic set of features. 67 7.4. Iimplementation procedure To ensure successful implementation, several steps need to be followed: 1.Data Collection and Preparation: Collect data from sensors and process it to be ready for ...
    ... Based on data analysis, machine learning can help optimize maintenance scheduling, directing resources where they are most needed, thereby reducing downtime and costs. 4. Automatic calibration and adaptation Machine learning models can automatically adjust system parameters based on new data ...
    ... tuning WithTuning No hyperparameter tuning NoTuning Table 2. Resources and tags used for each experimentation 6.6.2 Results of Models Trained on Small Datasets Experiments were conducted with 24 models trained on datasets with 30, 90, and 180 samples, evenly distributed among classes. The tests, ...

  • Study of the Synergetic Effect of Co-Pyrolysis of Lignite and High-Density Polyethylene Aiming to Improve Utilization of Low-Rank Coal

    Ivan Kojić, Achim Bechtel, Nikoleta Aleksić, Dragana Životić, Snežana Trifunović, Gordana Gajica, Ksenija Stojanović (2021)
    Polimeri i plastika, opšta hemija
    ... Jelenković, R.; Kostić, A.; Životić, D.; Ercegovac, M. Mineral resources of Serbia. Geol. Carpath. 2008, 59, 345–361. 5. Reichl, C.; Schatz, M.; Zsak, G. World-Mining-Data. In Minerals Production; Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy: Vienna, Austria, 2016; Volume 31, pp. 129–130. 6 ...
    ... of OM (total organic carbon of 29.77% and hydrogen of 2.79%; Section 3.3), as well as a high content of mineral matter (ash content of 47.12%), which is relatively stable and not subjected to significant decomposition even at a temperature >800 ◦C. The TGA and DTG results of the plastic bag (Figure ...
    ... of clays that prevail in lignite mineral matter [2] on thermal decomposition of HDPE cannot be excluded. Termination reactions between radicals formed from kerogen and HDPE also occur. Furthermore, longer radicals can be disproportionated into alkene (Tables 6 and 7) and new reactive radical. Polymers ...

  • The Importance of Detailed Groundwater Monitoring for Underground Structure in Karst (Case Study: HPP Pirot, Southeastern Serbia)

    Marina Čokorilo Ilić, Ana Mladenović, Marina Ćuk, Igor Jemcov (2019)
    Geography, Planning and Development,Aquatic Science,Biochemistry,Water Science and Technology
    ... groundwater (detected at sampling point 4 + 230 m in the tunnel, EC: 5000–10,200 µS/cm) and the water transported by the tunnel, whose mineral content was much lower (Table 3). When the tunnel was in full operating mode and the pressure of the transported water seeping into the hydrogeologic environment was ...
    ... Methodology, M.Č.I. and I.J.; Investigation, M.Č.I., A.M., M.Ć. and I.J.; Resources, M.Č.I.; Data Curation, M.Č.I., A.M.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, M.Č.I.; Writing-Review & Editing, M.Č.I.; Visualization, M.Č.I.; Supervision, M.Č.I. Funding: This research received no external funding. Conflicts ...
    ... constructed by standard excavation (first and last parts) and tubing (1/4 and 3/4) with concrete lining (Figure 1). Three observation wells, PP-1, PP-3 and PP-4, were deep-drilled along the tunnel and the screens installed within the tunnel zone. The HPP has a gravity dam and is usually operated 4–5 h/day. Surface ...

  • A Fuzzy Expert Model for Availability Evaluation

    Dejan Ivezić, Miloš Tanasijević, Predrag Jovančić, Radiša Đurić (2019)
    Each technical system within itself carries the great potential danger of possible occurrence of failure and damages. Mining machines are characteristic by great investment values, costs of unplanned shutdowns, complex working conditions, and environment and workers hazards. Systematic monitoring of the mining machinery is of great importance for the management of the mining companies. Availability is the overall concept of quality of service. Includes information regard to operating state, an idle state, a standby state and shut down. The ...
    raspoloživost, ekspertski sistem, fazi teorija, buldozeri
    ... technical system to be able to perform the required function, under given conditions and at a given moment, or during a given interval of time, and assuming the necessary supply is provided (external resources). Availability may also be expressed as the probability that the system will be available ...
    ... variables related to A itself and to R, M and S. It is necessary to describe five linguistic variables i.e. fuzzy sets: poor, adequate, average, good and excellent. Fuzzy sets are in triangular form, and they are presented in relation to membership function (μ) and measurement units of A indicators ...
    ... in terms of R, with grades "good" in extent of 40% and “average” in extent of 60%; M as "average" in extent of 100% and S as "adequate" in extent of 100%; machine Dressta as "average" in all terms and Caterpillar as "good" in terms of R and S and "excellent" in term of M. This can be written in the ...

  • Using Query Expansion for Cross-Lingual Mathematical Terminology Extraction

    Velislava Stoykova, Ranka Stanković (2018)

  • Vodosnabdevanje podzemnim vodama u Srbiji-stanje i perspektive

    Dušan Polomčić, Zoran Stevanović, Petar Dokmanović, Petar Papić, Vesna Ristić-Vakanjac, Bojan Hajdin, Saša Milanović, Dragoljub Bajić (2011)
    ... Serbia for Water Supply – Achievements and Perspectives, In : Water resources and environmental problems in karst, Proceedings of the IAH Conf. KARST 2005, Stevanovic, Z. and Milanovic, P. (eds.): 283-290, Belgrade 22. Stevanović, Z. (2006): State-of-the-art and perspectives of arti'cial recharge in ...
    ... Kovács B., Török J., Milanović S., Hajdin B. and Papic P. (2011) Towards sustainable management of transboundary Hungarian – Serbian aquifer. In: Transboundary Water Resources Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 1 Ed. (eds. Ganoulis J., Aureli A. and Fried J.). Wiley- VCH Verlag. pp. 143-149 27 ...
    ... of the XVIII Congress CBGA, Belgrade 23. Stevanović Z. (2009): Karst groundwater use in the Carpathian-Balkan region. In: Global Groundwater Resources and Management (ed. B. Paliwal). Scienti'c Publishers, Jodhpur pp.429-442 24. Stevanović Z., Hajdin B., Polomčić D., Bajić D. (2009): Elaborat o ...

  • Photocatalytic Activity of the V2O5 Catalyst toward Selected Pharmaceuticals and Their Mixture: Influence of the Molecular Structure on the Efficiency of the Process

    Sanja J. Armaković, Aleksandra Jovanoski Kostić, Andrijana Bilić, Maria M. Savanović, Nataša Tomić, Aleksandar Kremenović, Maja Šćepanović, Mirjana Grujić-Brojčin, Jovana Ćirković, Stevan Armaković (2023)
    Due to the inability of conventional wastewater treatment procedures to remove organic pharmaceutical pollutants, active pharmaceutical components remain in wastewater and even reach tap water. In terms of pharmaceutical pollutants, the scientific community focuses on -blockers due to their extensive (over)usage and moderately high solubility. In this study, the photocatalytic activity of V2O5 was investigated through the degradation of nadolol (NAD), pindolol (PIN), metoprolol (MET), and their mixture under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in water. For the preparation of V2O5, facile ...
    DFT analysis, metoprolol, nadolol, nanomaterial characterization, photocatalysis, pindolol, β-blocker
    ... -B. and S.A.; formal analysis, S.J.A., AJJ.K., A.B., M.M.S., N.T., A.K., M.Š., M.G.-B. and S.A.; funding , acquisition, S.J.A.; investigation, S.J.A., A.J.K., A.B., M.M.S., N.T., A.K., MŠA., M.G.-B. and S.A.; methodology, S.J.A., Mi.andS.A.; project administration, S.J.A. and N.T.; resources, S.A ...
    ... Molecules 2023, 28, 655 15of18 Acknowledgments: S.J.A., S.A. and M.M.S. thank the Association of the International Development of Academic and Scientific Collaboration (www.aidasco.org;) for providing the computational resources necessary for the first principles calculations. Conflicts of ...
    ... 120 min (64% and 30%, respectively). However, the catalyst did not have expected behavior towards MET and NAD, wherein the degradation rate was almost the same for these two B-blockers (7% and 5%, respectively). Differences between the efficiency of PIN removal and removal of MET and NAD result ...

  • Multihazard Exposure Assessment on the Valjevo City Road Network

    Miloš Marjanović, Biljana Abolmasov, Svetozar Milenković, Uroš Đurić, Jelka Krušić, Mileva Samardžić Petrović (2019)
    Prirodni hazardi, izloženost, klizišta, poplave, bujice, GIS, R

  • Projecting short to medium-term effects of carbon emissions trading on Serbia's GDP

    Boban Pavlović, Nikola Trtica (2024)
    This paper presents an approach to assess the short to medium-term effects of the Emissions Trading System (ETS), an economic and climate policy instrument aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, on GDP from the expenditure side. The analysis focuses on Serbia’s electricity sector, which relies heavily on lignite-based pro duction dominated by state-owned enterprises. The obtained projections suggest that in the short term, the introduction of an ETS may lead to slower GDP growth compared to official forecasts. However, ...
    ETS, BDP - rashodni pristup, cene električne energije
    ... response to carbon pricing are changes in its ability to produce goods and services, driven by ad- vancements in technology, innovations (Dong and Xiao, 2024) or changes in the availability of resources like machinery, workers, and materials (\WWilliams, 2015). However, during short-term economic ...
    ... tricity costs). Households show slightly higher elasticity (level be- tween Scenarios 1 and 3). However, there are still no significant investments in RES. The system focuses on conserving resources and supporting citizens by controlling energy costs. • Scenario 3 or “proactive response”: In ...
    ... an ETS and other carbon pricing pol- icies under different conditions, scenarios, and policy frameworks. These studies examine industry competitiveness (Joltreau and Som- merfeld, 2019), employment effects (Chen and Wang, 2023), ETS price dynamics (Li et al.., 2019), trade patterns and spillover ...

  • Development of the Availability Concept by Using Fuzzy Theory with AHP Correction, a Case Study: Bulldozers in the Open-Pit Lignite Mine

    Stevan Đenadić, Dragan Ignjatović, Miloš Tanasijević, Uglješa Bugarić, Ivan Janković, Tomislav Šubaranović (2019)
    Availability is one of the most used terms in maintainability engineering. This concept is used to denote: The quality of service of an engineering system, i.e., machines, weak points’ analysis, asset management, as well as making decisions in the process of life cycle management. Availability is an overall indicator and contains partial indicators that are oriented towards reliability, maintenance, and logistical support. Availability presents a variable value and changes in time and space. Usually, availability is shown as the ...
    raspoloživost, fazi teorija, AHP višekriterijumska analiza, eksperska ocena, buldozer
    ... of the technical system to be able to perform the required function [1], under given conditions and at a specific moment in time, and assuming that the necessary supply is provided (external resources) [2]. Availability may also be expressed as the probability that the system will be ready for use ...
    ... ability of the technical system to be able to perform the required function [1], under given conditions and at a specific moment in time, and assuming that the necessary supply is provided (external resources) [2]. Availability may also be expressed as the probability that the system will be ready for use ...
    ... ‘A’ and 30% to grade ‘B’. For indicator M he assigned 40% to grade ‘A’ and 60% to grade ‘B’, while for indicator S, he assigned to grades ‘A’ and ‘B’ 30% to 70%, respectively. The other five machines were also evaluated following the same methodology, and the results are shown in Tables 4 and 5. ...

  • Distribution of major and trace elements in the Kovin lignite (Serbia)

    Dragana Životić, Olga Cvetković, Predrag Vulić, Ivan Gržetić, Vladimir Simić, Konstantin Ilijević, Biljana Dojčinović, Suzana Erić, Bogdan Radić, Sanja Stojadinović, Snežana Trifunović (2019)
    geochemical and mineralogical study was performed on lignite samples from the Upper Miocene Kovin deposit, hosting three coal seams. The Kovin lignite is characterized by high moisture content, medium to high ash yield, medium to high sulphur content and a relatively low gross and net calorific value. The mineralogical composition, and major and trace element contents were determined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive Xray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analyses, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). ...
    General Earth and Planetary Sciences, General Environmental Science
    ... Kovin deposit is divided into two fields: the western field “A”, and the eastern field “B”, 16.3 km2 and 23.7 km2, in areal extent respectively. According to the Geological re­ port of the Kovin deposit, the lignite resources and reserves are currently estimated at 275 Mt (MITROVIĆ et al., 2016). Subaque­ ...
    ... matrix and xylite-rich coal and Mixture of xylite-rich and matrix coal; MMiC – Mixture of matrix and mineral-rich coal; MiC – Mineral-rich coal (TAYLOR et al., 1998). SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL G eo lo g ia C ro a ti ca Geologia Croatica 72/170 Table S-II. Results of proximate and ultimate ...
    ... 71 mg/kg and 34.02 mg/kg for seams I, II and III respectively. The Gd, Tb, Er and Lu contents are higher than the Clarke values for brown coals (KETRIS & YUDOVICH, 2009), based on calculation of ave­ rage individual lanthanides and Y. 5. DISCUSSION The mineral matter in coal seams and deposits depends ...

  • Mineral and Thermal Waters of Serbia: Multivariate Statistical Approach to Hydrochemical Characterization

    Maja Todorović, Jana Štrbački, Marina Ćuk, Jakov Andrijašević, Jovana Šišović, Petar Papić (2016)

  • Mineragenija i potencijalnost karbonatnih sirovina rudnog reona Bjelopavlića (Crna Gora)

    Darko M. Božović (2016-09-28)
    Karbonatne sirovine, obzirom na geološku građu Crne Gore predstavljaju jednu od najznačajnijih nemetaličnih mineralnih sirovina. U Crnoj Gori postoje brojna leţišta karbonatnih sirovina (arhitektonsko - građevinskog i tehničko - građevinskog kamena) koja su istraţena ili su u eksploataciji, među kojima rudni reon Bjelopavlića zauzima najznačajnije mjesto.Dosadašnja istraţivanja karbonatnih sirovina na ovom području imala su, međutim, prevashodno uzak istraţivački cilj, utvrđivanje rezervi arhitektonsko - građevinskog i tehničko - građevinskog kamena određenog leţišta, ili preliminarna ispitivanja kvaliteta krečnjaka u njima, sa ...
    karbonatne mineralne sirovine, arhitektonsko - građevinski kamen, tehničko - građevinski kamen, karbonatna punila, rudni reon Bjelopavlića, potencijalnost.
    ... less technical and construction stone, and only on one deposit, there is production of carbonate fillers. Total proven balance reserves of deposits of architectural and building stone A, B and C1 categories within mining region Bjelopavlici amount to 9.5 million m3, while the reserves of technical ...
    ... establishing reserves of architectural-construction and technical-building stone of specific deposit, or preliminary studies of the quality of the limestone in them, from the point of application in industry and construction, while the regional research were the small - scale and related to specific ...
    ... practically priceless. Potential reserves of carbonate raw materials in mining region Bjelopavlici, in terms of their application as carbonate fillers in various industries are very high, due to the distribution of Upper Cretaceous limestone formations in this area and their quality, since it is ...

  • Environmental Energy Security Indicators as Tools for Environmental Protection

    Aleksandar Madžarević, Dejan Ivezić, Marija Živković , Miloš Tansijević (2019)
    Еколошка прихватљивост је постала незаменљив синтезни показатељ сваке валидне енергетске анализе у последње две-три деценије. Енергетска безбедност је у директној хармонији с еколошком прихватљивошћу кроз многе прописане политичке циљеве, економске користи, правне тековине итд. Индикатори еколошке сигурности представљају један од основних елемената за одређивање енергетске безбедности и снажне алате за усмеравање енергетског сектора ка одрживом развоју. У овом раду, анализа је била концентрисана на показатеље енергетске безбедности у области животне средине који се односе на сектор природног гаса у ...
    енергетска безбедност, еколошки енергетски индикатори, заштита животне средине, еколошка прихватљивост
    ... consideration some specificity and its own approach to energy development. Defining a methodological approach for determining the energy security of a country is possible only if the geopolitical moment, climatic conditions, wealth and availability of energy resources are taken into account, as well ...
    ... investments and develop markets. Energy security is one of the most important indicators in determining the current state and defining the future development. Bearing in mind that demand for energy in the South East Europe is growing, and that supply sources are increasingly limited and unevenly ...
    ... security is one of the most important indicators in determining the current energy and economic situation and orienting the future development. Considering that energy demand is increasing, and supply sources become limited and unevenly distributed, the energy security is becoming an essential indicator ...

  • Arsenic in Tap Water of Serbia´s South Pannonian Basin and Arsenic Risk Assessment

    Petar Papić, Marina Ćuk, Maja Todorović, Jana Stojković, Bojan Hajdin, Nebojša Atanacković, Dušan Polomčić (2012)
    kvalitet podzemnih voda, arsen, analiza rizika, Panonski Basen
    ... have researched the origin of arsenic and associated it with clay minerals. Goldberg, S. (1988) believe that arsenic can be absorbed on the surface layer of mineral clay and that in sediments with clay interbeds there is generally more arsenic than in sands and limestones [16, 17]. In most of the affected ...
    ... J., BACIU C., HUG S.J., BERG M. Geochemistry and arsenic behaviour in groundwater resources of the Pannonian Basin (Hungary and Romania). Appl. Geochem. 26, 1, 2010. 9. UJEVIĆ M., DUIĆ Ž., CASIOT C., SIPOS L., SANTO V., DADIĆ Ž., HALAMIĆ J. Occurrence and geochemistry of arsenic in the groundwater of ...
    ... falling within the allowed range and 77% of samples having arsenic concen- trations below 10 µg/L (Fig. 5). The most frequent causes of physicochemical non-compliance in Srem are concentra- tions of iron and manganese higher than MPC [19]. In the Srem District, the mineral content of groundwater was found ...

  • Crystallography and Surface Oxidation of Stoichiometric Arsenopyrite from Šumadija-Kopaonik Pb-Zn/Polymetallic Ore District (Serbia)

    Ivana Jelić, Aleksandar Pačevski, Aleksandar Kremenović, Aleš Šoster, Andreja Šestan, Janez Zavašnik (2023)
    The behaviour and stability of arsenopyrite largely depend on its crystal structure, but studies of crystallography and structural defects are scarce. For clarification, we investigated a series of natural arsenopyrite crystals from the polymetallic Pb-Zn-(±Cu,Ag,Au,Sb,Bi,W) Šumadija-Kopaonik ore district (Serbia) by powder X-ray diffraction (XRPD). Among them, samples from the Drenjak gold mineralisation showed near-stoichiometric FeAsS composition and were further investigated by conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy methods. TEM revealed abundant planar crystallographic defects and epitaxial surface oxide layer ...
    Inorganic Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics,General Materials Science, General Chemical Engineering, crystal structure, FeAsS, oxidation, TEM, XRPD
    ... A.K., AŠ. (Andreja Šestan) and J.Z.; investigation, LJ.; resources, A.P.; data curation, LjJ. and J.Z.; writingz— original draft preparation, 1.J., A.P., A.K., AŠ. (Andreja Šestan), and A.Š. (Aleš Šoster); writing— review and editing, LJ., A.P., AŠ. (Aleš Šoster) and J.Z.; visualisation, J.Z.; ...
    ... Goldschmidt, V.M. Atlas Der Krystallformen: Plates and Text; Winter: Heidelberg, Germany, 1913; ISBN 9788578110796. 23. Nesbitt, H.W. Oxidation States and Speciation of Secondary Products on Pyrite and Arsenopyrite Reacted with Mine Waste Waters and Air. Mineral. Petrol. 1998, 62, 123-144. [CrossReft] ...
    ... with different post-magmatic processes of deposition, mineral associations, crystallisation temperature, and chemical composition. Arsenopyrite is often present in the ores of this district and is also commonly present in the mine tailings, and all studied samples were taken from the sulphide m ...

  • Back-arc underplating provided crustal accretion affecting topography and sedimentation in the Adria microplate

    Paolo Mancinelli, Vittorio Scisciani, Cristina Pauselli, Gérard M. Stampfli, Fabio Speranza, Ivana Vasiljević (2021)
    Supported by evidence of deep crustal sources for the observed magnetic anomalies in Central Italy and by outcropping gabbros in the Croatian archipelago, we model the observed gravity and magnetic anomalies in the Central Adriatic Sea and surroundings. We suggest that the major magnetic anomalies in the area are related to a wide underplating and propose that this volume represents the first stage of the back-arc Adria continental breakup in Early Permian times. During the Palaeotethys-Adria collision, underplating has ...
    Underplating, akrecija kore, Magnetske anomalije, Jadranska ploča

  • Preparation of Multimedia Document “YU Rock Scene”

    Milena Obradović, Aleksandra Arsenijević, Mihailo Škorić (2017)
    SUMMARY: This study will present the preparation process of a multimedia document entitled YU ROCK SCENE in which participants were senior students of undergraduate studies of the Department of Library and Information Science at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology during the academic year 2014/2015, as a part of the subject Multimedia Documents. This study gives an overview of the historical development of rock and roll in the territory of the former Yugoslavia, rock scene in Yugoslav republics, ...
    multimedia document, library science, information science, rock and roll, music, Yugoslavia
    ... paramount importance. We would like to thank the following individuals and institutions for their support and cooperation, for allowing us to use the rich information resources and for sharing the significant information on the Yugoslav rock scene: Petar Ignjatović, Željko Radǐsić, Miroljub Stojanović, Ivan ...
    ... influence of rock and roll on art, media and social events: gigs and discotheques (Katarina Jugov, Ivana Merdović and Jelena Radić), festivals (Milan Avdulah and Uroš Tošić), books and poetry (Marija Brašanac and Tamara Stanojčić), albums and record labels (Snježana Mirčeta and Ivan Peić), magazines ...
    ... Influence of Rock and Roll on Art, Media and Social Events Influence of Rock and Roll was visible very fast in many social spheres. Presence of rock music in media influenced its increasing popularity. Rock and roll reached wide audience through radio and TV shows, magazines, books and movies. Soon, festivals ...

  • Arsenic in tape waters of the south Pannonian basin (Serbia) and arsenic risk assessment

    Petar Papić, Marina Ćuk, Maja Todorović, Jana Stojković, Bojan Hajdin, Nebojša Atanacković, Dušan Polomčić (2012)
    ... have researched the origin of arsenic and associated it with clay minerals. Goldberg, S. (1988) believe that arsenic can be absorbed on the surface layer of mineral clay and that in sediments with clay interbeds there is generally more arsenic than in sands and limestones [16, 17]. In most of the affected ...
    ... J., BACIU C., HUG S.J., BERG M. Geochemistry and arsenic behaviour in groundwater resources of the Pannonian Basin (Hungary and Romania). Appl. Geochem. 26, 1, 2010. 9. UJEVIĆ M., DUIĆ Ž., CASIOT C., SIPOS L., SANTO V., DADIĆ Ž., HALAMIĆ J. Occurrence and geochemistry of arsenic in the groundwater of ...
    ... falling within the allowed range and 77% of samples having arsenic concen- trations below 10 µg/L (Fig. 5). The most frequent causes of physicochemical non-compliance in Srem are concentra- tions of iron and manganese higher than MPC [19]. In the Srem District, the mineral content of groundwater was found ...

  • Cutting Resistance Laboratory Testing Methodology for Underwater Coal Mining

    Vladimir Čebašek, Veljko Rupar, Stevan Đenadić, Filip Miletić (2021)
    Geology,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
    ... Validation, V.R., S.Ð., and F.M.; Formal analysis, V.R.; Investigation, V.Č. and V.R.; Resources, V.Č. and V.R.; Data curation, V.R., S.Ð., and F.M.; Writing—original draft preparation, V.Č.; Writing—review and editing, V.R.; Visualization, S.Ð. and F.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published ...
    ... FL—lateral, and FFT—forward thrust). In the past, the relationship between digging material and specific digging resistance for wheel operation has been analyzed both theoretically and practically. The most critical researchers have been Himmel, Limbrek and Marcelli, Brach, Dombrowski, and Kubec [1,14] ...
    ... with 38 mm in diameter and 76 mm in height. The samples were subjected to the confining pressure equal to σ3 = 400, 800, and 1600 kPa. A vertical force loaded the samples, and the vertical deformation rate was constant. The vertical force is measured using a compression ring, and the vertical movement ...